Abstract: The interplay of cross-border dynamics and territorial reconfigurations in West Africa has become a critical area of study due to the region’s complex socio-political, economic, and cultural landscape. The problem lies in the persistent challenges posed by porous borders, weak state control, and the rise of transnational activities, including trade, migration, and security threats…
Abstract: This paper examines the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Residence, and Establishment from 2010 to 2025, assessing its impact on Nigeria’s foreign policy, security, and economic development. As the sub-region’s largest economy and most populous state, Nigeria plays a central role in advancing ECOWAS integration objectives.…